It is an unfortunate reality that established industries in many sectors do not welcome the emergence of new business models that encourage competition, introduce transparency and disrupt the existing value chain.

As a reaction, these established industries often engage in efforts to control prices, limit availability, and curtail secondary markets. Such efforts are wide-spread and range throughout the entire product life-cycle. Examples include distribution contracts prohibiting sales over online marketplaces, refusals to provide spare parts, product monopolies protected by IP law, resale prohibitions imposed on consumers, and prohibitions to re-purpose.